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Studies of free-ranging dogs possess documented the ways in which wolf conduct has been attenuated or extinguished over the class of evolution. In cities and villages , dogs that wander freely generally do not configuration packs , and while each dog has an identifiable domestic range that he sticks to , these ranges overlap almost completely with those of other dogs.

Free-ranging dogs do engage in wolf-like urine marking throughout their range , but they exhibit almost no inclination to defend their territory against intruders. Even when feral dogs do configuration into packs , as they do from time to time in rustic areas or in and around rubbish dumps , these do not behave like wolf packs. Feral dog packs volition from time to time extra actively defend a
territory and kill dogs that encroach , but they lack a great deal of of the extra developed cooperative behaviors of wolves , such as concern of the girlish by all adult members of the grouping. Reproductive conduct is also much looser , or at least certainly much extra variable.

Ray Coppinger , a researcher , observed a huge range of sexual conduct among village and feral dogs around the world. At one extreme , manly New Guinea singing dogs are fiercely competitive , but in a very non-wolf-like way; they behave extra like the males of species that occupy and defend individual territories , and the mere sight of another manly provokes . At the other extreme , and possibly much extra typical of dogs , were the village dogs he encountered in Venezuela who "were observed to line up and breed a sequentially , with little aggression between them."

There is certainly no naive explanation for all of these behavioral differences between wolf and dog. Changes in neurotransmitter and hormonal levels , disruptions of the girlish stages of development in which behaviors are moulded , and the persistence of girlish traits into adulthood are all factors in the transformation. The overall picture that emerges is that dogs are less confrontational and terrified , and while they retain a capacity for asserting dominance (as artistically as for acquiescing in subordination) , their sociable interactions lack the urgency or insistence that one sees in wolf society. There is merely less at stake.

The sociable pressure cooker of the wolf litter has been replaced with a tepid cauldron. Dogs possess no destitution and no inclination for the packed and charged sociable world of their ancestors. That fundamentally all manly dogs speck their domestic range with raised-leg urinations (as do the relatively unsocial manly coyotes) , that no manly or dog is inhibited from breeding by other dogs , and that most free-ranging dogs do not configuration coherent packs suggests that dog society has fragmented from a grouping of fiefdoms to a rather extra democratic polity.